Keith Urban Defying Gravity free essay sample

Keith Urban is at an astounding spot in his life at the present time. He puts on stunning shows that cause you to feel like you’re in the first line regardless of where you are situated. In his own life he has a delightful spouse, Nicole Kidman an a little girl who is barely short of her first birthday celebration. He has additionally had an astonishing music vocation which every collection Keith has never allowed his fans to fans and he disobediently has please fans past what they thought was conceivable with his most recent collection, Defying Gravity. The collection proceeds with his astounding vocation with stunning music! The initial tune â€Å"Kiss A Girl† is an extraordinary tune to acquaint you with the collection. Proceeding on tuning in to the collection you will encounter an extraordinary inspiring. Every single melody are amusing to chime in to and get up and simply move! At the point when you hear it out you will overlook every one of your concerns and issues and live at the time with Keith. We will compose a custom article test on Keith Urban: Defying Gravity or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A ton has occurred in Keith life since his last collection in 2006. Keith is that sort of craftsman/lyricist that expounds on what he’s experiencing and that’s the same with the collection despite the fact that it’s somewhat harder to tell. The collection is fun of very elevating love tunes from the amusing to chime in to tune, â€Å"If Ever I Could Love† to the delightful anthem toward the end, â€Å"Thank You† which is a note to his significant other and how in the event that it wasn’t for her he wouldn’t be the place he is today. â€Å"Thank You† has that small something unique about it that makes it extremely difficult to overlook and will make you need to hear it out again and again. A fan top pick, and one of my undisputed top choices, is the revamp of Rodney Foster’s, â€Å"I’m In†, will make them chime in after the first tune in. Every single individual who tunes in to this collection will be snared immediately. By and large a completely astonishing collection from Keith. It is my most loved at this point from this astounding craftsman who still can't seem to allow his fans to down and presumably never will either!

The Incredible Hulk Review

{draw:g} â€Å"10 out of 10† says everybody! If not it is on the grounds that they should be green with envy at the perfect work of art that was orchestrated by Louis Leterrier himself! Yet at the same time no challenge to the main film. â€Å"Unleash the fury† was the slogan for the scholarly creation, which is â€Å"The Incredible Hulk† we can absolutely say the watchers were loaded up with anger when the film arrived at an unexpected and odd closure when the destroyed city blurred away without any inquiries replied. The film was a long way from mind boggling, I would say†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ unconceivable and that by itself wouldn’t put a grin all over. The film opens with the conventional Marvel trademark guarantying another overwhelming, adrenaline filled and sparkling adjustment called from Stan Lee’s virtuoso mind. We have a look into the horrendous mishap that demolished Bruce Banner’s (Edward Norton) life, a splendid (or awful? ) analyze including gamma radiation that renders a huge modify sense of self that gathers when Bruce’s outrage meter arrives at breaking point. We witness where he has been brought down to; a favela in Brazil where the dread of being sent off to a Government office to be investigated rules all his musings. We see a little box that peruses: Days without Incidence: 145. His endeavors to conceal himself from acknowledgment have bombed him when a solitary drop of blood overflows from his finger and we get a nearby of the deceiving blood as it falls towards the unfilled jugs, Louis’s camera shot made the impact of an emotional fall due to the sheer speed at which the blood fell. The Government get method of the hid criminal and the pursuit is on. The fight starts in the avenues of the favela town and the end is inescapable. Indeed, the mass demonstrates his easy capacity to devastate and eliminate things and truly, the Government specialists go flying†¦.. However, after the enormous fight that destroyed the town and left all Government operators hospitalized Bruce gets himself haphazardly in North America and the little box comes up once more: Days without occurrence: 0. He dares to Culver University: were the mass was conceived. He unintentionally meets the affection for his life, Betty (Liv Tyler) who was dating therapist Leonard Samson (Ty Burrel) who is quickly prematurely ended when her eyes end up gazing at Bruce, the association is quickly restored. They appear to fall weakly infatuated and their excursion begins to have a go at finding a fix in the hands of Mr Blue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ In the mediating time a Government trooper named Blonsky (Tim Roth) has been advanced for a test to give the forces of the inconceivable mass; improved quality, speed, dexterity, reflexes, continuance and mending. without the imperfection of gigantic size and loss of control. He gradually gets the inclination to turn out to be all the more impressive once he saw what the Hulk could do in a splendid scene where Bruce had been headed to a glass connect and gassed shadowing the gifted Bruce to revamp into the exceptionally ground-breaking Hulk, the camera shot â€A huge close up-was viable on the grounds that it gradually zoomed in to add expectation to perceive what was happening in the glass connect, Bruce is quickly maddened and he metamorphosis’s to the mass then an immense green hand pounds against the glass, the troopers students enlarge at the dread inside them. The fighters run like ants contrasted and the mass when he crushing the glass and its incorporate with one dive. They discover that Sterns has built up a potential antidot that may fix Banner's condition, or just opposite every individual change. After an effective test, Sterns uncovers that he has integrated Banner's blood test (which he sent from Brazil) into a huge gracefully with the aim of utilizing it to carry people to the following transformative level. Dismayed by what Sterns had done and frightful of the Hulk's capacity falling into an inappropriate hands, Banner endeavors to persuade Sterns to annihilate the blood gracefully, yet he is assaulted by Ross' powers and arrested with Betty. While Sterns is questioned by a female fighter about his work, Blonsky strikes her down and requests that Sterns infuse him with Banner's blood test, as he desires the magnificent intensity of the Hulk. Sterns cautions that the mix of the super trooper recipe (which Blonsky has overdosed on, marginally disfiguring his skeleton) and a gamma treatment would be an unusual mix that could transform him into a â€Å"abomination†. Indifferent, Blonsky powers Sterns to manage the gamma charge, and he changes into a revolting beast, with quality and force that outperforms that of the Hulk, yet holding Blonsky's insight and character. He thumps Sterns aside and breaks, rampaging through the city to draw the Hulk out. At the lab, an illuminated example of Banner's blood-subsidiary dribbles into an open injury on Sterns' sanctuary, making his head transform and extend, causing him a deep sense of joy.

Leadership Essay Writing Tips

Leadership Essay Writing TipsThere are a few things you can do to help with your leadership essay writing. First, it is a good idea to make sure that you do not forget important parts of the process. Let's examine some tips for developing your essay in more detail.When writing an essay, you must ensure that the writing is able to stand on its own and that it will be able to provide a base for you to develop specific knowledge about certain subjects. It is always beneficial to make sure that your topic does not repeat information that has already been covered in other essays. For instance, if you are writing about pregnancy, ensure that you do not repeat what you read in essays on pregnancy. You should also make sure that you do not repeat content that is already provided in other essays. Again, this can include topics such as leadership, parenting, or education.It is also advisable to have a backup essay that you can use as a reference to help you from repeating things that you have already written elsewhere. If you find yourself repeating yourself or developing specific knowledge in your essay, it is a good idea to simply add a note to your previous essay to further explain how your knowledge develops from that one. This will help to keep you focused on the topic at hand without forgetting to write specifically about the subject that you are writing about.The most important tip when it comes to developing a strong essay is to focus on only one topic at a time. You should try to get one essay out that covers one main idea or concept, and then move on to another subject matter. This allows you to develop new, and not only specific, knowledge on that one subject matter. You should also avoid getting distracted by writing another essay that can then become attached to your first essay.Once you have a couple of essays written, you can move on to developing a main topic. Again, focusing on one subject matter is the best way to develop a strong leadership writing. Yo u should also not forget to research and think about the basic elements of your topic before you actually write anything down.Make sure that you spend a lot of time doing research on your topic before you actually sit down to write. For instance, when writing about leadership, make sure that you look into leaders, leadership traits, and examples of successful leaders. By taking the time to search and read leadership essays and materials, you will be better prepared to write a strong leadership essay that will provide the foundation for you to develop specific knowledge on leadership through the years.Finally, as you begin developing your leadership essay, make sure that you take the time to understand the basics of effective writing. You should make sure that your essay does not fall into the traps of 'gotcha' essay writing, where the author is trying to provide just enough information in a blog post or essay to prove that they are knowledgeable about the topic at hand. You should i nstead write in a manner that is professional yet friendly, where you clearly outline all of your key points and encourage the reader to learn more by reading through your essay.By following these steps, you will be better able to master your subject and provide a more rounded and powerful leadership essay. You should remember that you can always improve on your leadership essay writing over time, so it is important to spend some time learning how to write effective leadership essays.

The Smart Grid And Smart Meter - 1157 Words

Executive Summary Electricity is widely used form of energy and it’s rapidly growing nowadays. It has become to our way of daily life. However, electrical energy generating is currently the largest single source of carbon dioxide emissions, which has significantly make a contribution to climate change and the impact of the environment. The electrical power system was built up more than 100 years ago. It is one of the most effective components of the infrastructure on which delivers electrical energy to commercial, industry and consumer demand. However, in order to meet the growing demand for power and to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, we need to have an electric system that can be used in a sustainable, reliable and economic way. Smart grid and smart meters are the new power grids, which has been used in some countries to obtain the sustainable uses. They hold potential to benefit customers and the environments. This report is meant to give an overview about the smart grid and smart meters by describing what is the smart grid and smart meter. In addition, it introduces several technologies from these power grid systems and how these technologies impact on the environment and renewable resources. The report also presents the benefits of using the smart grid and smart meters, which associated with our way of life. Thus, the disadvantages will also be discussed. 1. Introduction The power system has played a vital role in our daily life since the first powerShow MoreRelatedHow Smart Grid Used Today?1352 Words   |  6 PagesHow Are Smart Grid Used Today? Introduction Smart grids usage has been increasing all over the world. North America and Europe are the two regions that have been increasing their usage of smart grids over the years. A. Smart grid has four major area of applications which are industries and homes, transmission and distribution, generation, and power system as a whole. B. Smart grids have been used in different ways and there is different type of smart grid devices that has helped renew resourcesRead MoreSmart Grids Technologies Can Be Put Into Four Functional Categories1502 Words   |  7 PagesGenerally, smart grids technologies can be put into four functional categories: Information collectors; information assemblers, displayers, and assessors; information-based controllers and energy resources. Smart grids collected data from various types of sensors. These sensors measure performance-related characteristics of electricity system components. Assessors are used to analysis and display the information they received from the devices. The information-based controllers devices will use theRead MoreResearch On Information Metering And Measurement945 Words   |  4 Pagesinto smart metering, and smart monitoring and measurement. In the following, this classification in point. a)Smart Metering: Smart metering is the mainly important mechanism used in the Smart Grid for obtaining information from end users’ devices and appliances, while also controlling the performance of the devices. Automatic metering infrastructure (AMI) systems, which are themselves built upon automatic meter reading (AMR) systems, are broadly regarded as a sound strategy to realize Smart GridRead MoreDevelopment Of Smart Grid Technologies1401 Words   |  6 PagesOF SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES DATE: APRIAL 9, 2016 Introduction This memorandum addresses to present an overview of the features, functionalities, and characteristics of the Smart Grid. It expounds the effects of Smart Grid technologies on the modern electricity grid, power industry, and society. Smart Grids came up as a solution to make the electricity grid more adapt to the demand of the times, make it more sustainable, greener, and more efficient to the delivery of electric power. Smart GridsRead MoreReliability in Smart Grids1497 Words   |  6 Pagesoutage is when a customer calls to report it. A challenge faced by smart grid systems is to provide highly reliable transmission to improve the energy efficiency of the system. If a proper command couldn’t be send in the event of an emergency it could result in disastrous consequences. As a result, quantitative reliability evaluation of information infrastructures should be addressed. A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses analogues or digital information and communications technologyRead MoreA Framework For A Gsmsmart Energy Management Meter System2326 Words   |  10 PagesEnergy Management Meter System for Effective Measurement, Management and Communication of Power and its Data in a Developing Grid Abstract Energy measurement and management are amongst the major grid challenges and research efforts have been geared towards addressing them. The emergence of smart meters in consonance with the smart grid concept is as a result of these efforts. This paper explores the integration of Energy Management and Control System (EMCS) technologies into smart meters to mitigate energyRead MoreA Report On Net Metering1575 Words   |  7 Pagestravel back through the meter and onto the distribution grid, providing power in those moments for other local customers. Customers feeding electricity back to the grid can present unique challenges for grid operators trying to manage supply and demand efficiently. For example, in cases such as Hawaii’s, unwanted solar energy that utilities are forced to take may add too much energy to an already-taxed system, increasing the risk of voltage spikes. Aside from the challenges for grid operators in balancingRead MoreCase Report : Cass County Electric Cooperative Control Center Essay724 Words   |  3 Pagesknowledge and capabilities to intervene on an electrical grid. One of the main topics discussed by the SCADA technician was the importance of security. With all the power to manipulate and control the grid, that ability must be secured to only those who had the knowledge and training to do so. In order to protect this system, the SCADA technician noted that only one machine in the control center was capable of communicating with the devices on the grid. Only one router was connected to this device to communicateRead MoreIIi.features Of A Smart Grid1526 Words   |  7 PagesIII .FEATURES OF A SMART GRID Reliability The smart grid uses technology to self locate faults so their rectification is fast and sound. This self healing property of smart grid makes it more reliable than the conventional grid. Main technology used here is state estimation. Multiple routes are used in a smart grid which were used in the old grid as well. But mostly they were radial in nature so that any failure can cause total failure of the system and the current would be shunted to other elementsRead MoreGrowing Number of Electric Power Grids531 Words   |  2 PagesThe existing electric power grids face new challenges with the growing economies that are dependent on electricity. These challenges put the ability of the current electric power grids at risks of being able to deliver efficient, reliable and clean power energy to meet the demand of the growing economies. The reliability of the existing electric power girds during peak load conditions is ensured mainly by having excessive power capacity in the whole system [1 ]. Excessive power capacity necessitates

Woodrow Wilson Speech Outline - 1344 Words

Specific Purpose: To introduce Woodrow Wilson Introduction Open with impact: From a house filled with strong republican representatives, Woodrow Wilson showed his clear dominance by winning the election of 1913 and switching the house to the mainly democrats. With his zeal to accomplish world peace, Woodrow did everything in his power, even if it involved extreme health risks, to achieve this colossal goal. With his collegial mind set and expertise in delivering speeches, Wilson was bound for a successful and prominent presidency. Thesis: a man s desires live on past there relevancy. With passion to reform and make the world a better place, ideas can spread and help towards the goal of reaching prosperity. Woodrow Wilson s passion†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The World must be safe for democracy.† b. Wilson traveled all the way to Germany to give speeches to help support the peace treaty agreement to be passed and worked very vigorously on it. In doing so, he pushed himself too hard and suffered from a severe stroke. c. Woodrow put himself at his life s risk just to try and change america intellectually for the better good. A. 1. Only president to hold a PHD a. â€Å"Wilson was a college professor and university president at Princeton† (history.com). b. Because Wilson was very well educated, he was known for his incredible speeches and well delivered sermons. He pushed education very hard and now there is a program at Princeton shaped around public affairs in honor of him. c. His efforts at inspiring America intellectually shows a lot about his character and how much he really cares about the people. Transition: Through Wilson s intellectual familiarity, he was able to also be an expert in his social capabilities in politics. Main point: Political views changed american politics socially A. 1. He forever left an impact on american foreign affairs. a. â€Å"There can be no doubt that his ideal inspired many Americans and that it shaped much of American foreign policy for the remainder of the twentiethShow MoreRelatedWar Message On Congress, By Woodrow Wilson843 Words   |  4 PagesIn the document, â€Å"War Message to Congress†, by Woodrow Wilson, discusses his message, the way he feels towards the war. He couldn’t believe that the government could accomplish so much, such as providing hospital ships. He believes â€Å"The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind† (1, Wilson). It is a war against every nation, according to him. He believes the government should not take this action of the German as anything less than a war. This war will requireRead MorePrimary Source Analysis Example991 Words   |  4 PagesPrimary Source Analysis: Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points The source is a speech delivered by Woodrow Wilson on January 8th 1918; the speech was delivered among Woodrow’s fellow congressmen in the American congress. However, the speech was not written purely by Wilson, During World War I, Walter Lippmann became an adviser to President Woodrow Wilson and assisted in the drafting of the speech. The several points covered in Wilson’s speech aimed to resolve territorial issues in Europe, as well asRead MoreWorld War I And The United Policy Of Strict Neutrality931 Words   |  4 PagesPresident Woodrow Wilson discusses the aims of the United States in World War I and outlines his famous â€Å"Fourteen Points† for achieving a lasting peace in Europe. The Fourteen Points is a blueprint for world peace that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I, elucidated in a January 8, 1918, speech on war aims and peace terms by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. There are few speeches in history that influenced the world in the way Woodrow Wilson s Fourteen Points speech did. As theRead MoreWoodrow Wilson s Vision For A League Of Nations1321 Words   |  6 Pages Woodrow Wilson sought out the future of America, as he understood that the liberty that underlined democracy was starting to look vulnerable in the current world s state. It was at the address at Independence Hall, that Wilson defined the position of liberty and its place in the world when he said; â€Å" I earnestly believe in the democracy not only of America but of every awakened people that wishes and intends to govern and control its own affairs. â€Å" His perspective of the ownership of libertyRead MoreThe Politics Of The United States1315 Words   |  6 Pagesof the system in place in the United States is vastly different from that of the UK. Trias Politica As a relatively new country less than a quarter of a millennium old, the USA operates with a codified constitution ratified in 1788. This document outlines a national framework of government. Key to this is the notion of a separation of powers, whereby the executive, judiciary and legislature are separate and independent of each other. The president of the United States is named in this document asRead MoreAims of the Participants and the Peacemakers : Wilson and the 14 Points2334 Words   |  10 Pages11th Grade IB DP History (SL) | Research Paper | Aims of the participants and the peacemakers : Wilson and the 14 points. | Word Count: 1495 | I. Introduction On January 8, 1918, during the Joint Session of the American Congress, Thomas Woodrow Wilson, announced his Fourteen Points to try to ensure permanent peace, bring a speedy end to the World War I (WWI) avoid another cataclysmic conflict as such.[1A] The other allied powers tacitly and cautiously accepted Wilson’s plan as a template forRead MoreWomen Suffrage Essay Outline1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe Women Suffrage Alexis Kallenborn Mrs. T. Westling English III 13 October 2017  Outline Thesis Statement: Due to the Hardiments of Determined Females, Because of their Hostile feelings towards Woman Suffrage, Society began to view them as a part of the Union. Introduction I. Suppressed Women of the 19th Century Women s Role in Society Woodrow Wilson s Beliefs. The Society s beliefs on Woman Suffrage II. Woman Suffrage Movement Susan Brownell Anthony s contribution CarrieRead MoreGermany : The German Problem1418 Words   |  6 Pagesa major contributing factor to the commencement of World War I. President Wilson’s Fourteen Points: A speech by U.S President Woodrow Wilson, which outlines fourteen goals that the U.S would complete to bring peace to Europe following World War I. The fourteen points drafted a policy that stressed democracy, self-determination, free trade and open negotiations. This speech eventually led Wilson to establish the League of Nations, an organization with the primary purpose of preventing future warfareRead MoreRoosevelt s Policy Of Police Power Over The Western Hemisphere895 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Monroe Doctrine and the policy gave the right of US to exercise and international police powers to intervene whenever necessary. He wanted protect American and European investments by invading Dominican Republic and Cuba. The role of President Wilson in the war and peace negotiations made him one of the only president’s to have moral intervention with war by protecting everyone’s interest. He brought a missionary eagerness to foreign policy. He wanted help Latin America and to assist other nationsRead MoreAnalysis of Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points 1853 Words   |  8 PagesThe Fourteen Points President Wilson was determined to achieve peace. He based his peacemaking efforts in the academic argument Fourteen Points. Ideas of freedom of the seas, internationalism and justice for all were embedded in his idealistic approach, in an attempt to making long lasting peace. The Fourteen Points were enthusiastically accepted by the United States, Allies and even Lenin – setting up the political mood as co-operative and internationalized. The summary of those points is

The Central Value Connecting Mrs. Dalloway And The Hours

The central value connecting Mrs Dalloway and The Hours is an affirmation of life. Although suicides feature in both Stephen Daldry’s film and Virginia Woolf’s novel both texts echo Woolf’s words from her 1922 diary: ‘I meant to write about death, only life came breaking in as usual.’ Both Woolf’s modernist 1925 novel and Daldry’s 2002 postmodernist film focus on women whose rich inner lives are juxtaposed with their outer lives constrained by the contexts in which they live. The characters are placed in their respective context, to reflect on, or respond to, the consequences of war and AIDS, the difficulties of personal relationships, class, gender and sexuality. Mrs Dalloway seeks to narrate the inner life of characters in a single day, Wednesday, 13th June, 1923, while in The Hours, the action takes place within the span of a single day in three different years, 1923, 1951 and 2001. It communicates 3 parallel narratives with the focus on three different women, alternating between them throughout the film. In Mrs Dalloway, the chiming of both the grand Big Ben and the gentler St Margaret’s symbolise the significance of time in life, despite a representation of time as mutable – Big Ben, ‘a warning†¦then the hour, irrevocable’, reminding Clarissa of mortality, while St Margaret’s chimes in a little late, gliding ‘into the recesses of the heart and buries itself, to be, with a tremor of delight, at rest.’ Woolf seems to say a full life is one that accepts the moment isShow MoreRelatedComparing The Film And Virginia Woolf s Mrs. Dalloway1244 Words   |  5 PagesDespite the fact that suicides feature in both the film and Virginia Woolf’s novel Mrs Dalloway, both texts echo Woolf’s words from her 1922 diary: ‘I meant to write about death, only life came breaking in as usual.’ Both Woolf’s modernist 1925 novel and Daldry’s 2002 postmodernist film which has Mrs Dalloway as a pivotal point for its three interwoven stories can be seen as life-affirming texts – with their major focus on women whose rich inner lives are juxtaposed with their outer lives constrained

Einstein and Life Essay Example For Students

Einstein and Life Essay When I was a fairly precocious young man I became thoroughly impressed with the futility of the hopes and strivings that chase most men restlessly through life. Moreover, I soon discovered the cruelty of that chase, which in those years was much more carefully covered up by hypocrisy and glittering words than is the case today. By the mere existence of his stomach everyone was condemned to participate in that chase. The stomach might well be satisfied by such participation, but not man insofar as he is a thinking and feeling being. As the first way out there was religion, which is implanted into every child by way of the traditional education-machine. Thus I came though the child of entirely irreligious (Jewish) parents to a deep religiousness, which, however, reached an abrupt end at the age of twelve. Through the reading of popular scientific books I soon reached the conviction that much in the stories of the Bible could not be true. The consequence was a positively fanatic orgy of freethinking coupled with the impression that youth is intentionally being deceived by the state through lies; it was a crushing impression. Mistrust of every kind of authority grew out of this experience, a skeptical attitude toward the convictions that were alive in any specific social environment-an attitude that has never again left me, even though, later on, it has been tempered by a better insight into the causal connections. It is quite clear to me that the religious paradise of youth, which was thus lost, was a first attempt to free myself from the chains of the merely personal, from an existence dominated by wishes, hopes, and primitive feelings. Out yonder there was this huge world, which exists independently of us human beings and which stands before us like a great, eternal riddle, at least partially accessible to our inspection and thinking. The contemplation of this world beckoned as a liberation, and I soon noticed that many a man whom I had learned to esteem and to admire had found inner freedom and security in its pursuit. The mental grasp of this extra-personal world within the frame of our capabilities presented itself to my mind, half consciously, half unconsciously, as a supreme goal. Similarly motivated men of the present and of the past, as well as the insights they had achieved, were the friends who could not be lost. The road to this paradise was not as comfortable and alluring as the road to the religious paradise; but it has shown itself reliable, and I have never regretted having chosen it. Bibliography:

Bystander Intervention free essay sample

From this, they predicted that as the number of bystanders increases, the less likely it is than any one of them will intervene, or if they do so, they will intervene more slowly. Their research findings support this hypothesis. Work is regarded as foundational in the field of bystander intervention. IV = situational factors (group size, participant gender) DV = response (likelihood of and speed of) Lab experiments allow controlled conditions; e. g. y ensuring that many features of real emergencies are controlled for or eliminated, so that only manipulation of the IV has an effect on the DV. Some things are difficult, if not impossible to control for though e. g. participant attitudes, societal values of the time, specific personal history of participants and so on. Unwritten assumption of experimentation is that explanations for social phenomena can be found by examining individual / group behaviour divorced from their normal social context. Critique of Darley and Latan © is by Cherry, writing from a broadly feminist and discursive perspective. We will write a custom essay sample on Bystander Intervention or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such writers/researchers were keen to point out that: (a) Psychology, even though the mainstream tried to position itself as such, was not apolitical nor value free. Its methods subtly reinforced and legitimised oppressive attitudes and practices (power-relations in society at large and of researchers). b) Womens experience was distorted by research and theory (power-relations of the experimental method). Bystander intervention in emergencies:- Darley and Latan © popular explanations for the event were dispositional moral decay, dehumanisation caused by the urban environment, alienation, existential despair. Suggested rational and irrational fears about own safety needed to be taken into account too (as per Milgram and Hollander) as to why people did not help. Suggested that the presence of other onlookers weakened the need for any particular individual o feel that they needed to help diffusion of responsibility and diffusion of blame. Also, if other bystanders cannot be seen, we may conclude that someone else is already helping. To test their hypothesis, that as the number of bystanders increases, the less likely it is than any one of them will intervene, or if they do so, they Method taped stooge / participant in isolated room, could only speak when stooge was not speaking, other participants also on tape. Stooge has fit and participant cannot speak to the other people via the radio set up. number of assumed group members (2, 3 or 6) DV= speed of response of real participant (marked as no response if 6 minutes elapses before participant leaves room) Participants 59 female, 13 male psychology students at NYU. Variations sometimes taped participants were either male or female. One taped participant said he was a medical student. Victim was always male. Results Participants found the situation plausible most were nervous when they reported the fit to the experimenter and were surprised to learn it was not real. The two exceptions were excluded from the analysis. Effect of group size highly significant (p

To what extent does business process reengineering improve sustainable competitive advantage The WritePass Journal

To what extent does business process reengineering improve sustainable competitive advantage Rationale / Background To what extent does business process reengineering improve sustainable competitive advantage Rationale / BackgroundDescriptionResearch MethodologyDeliverablesScheduleResources RequiredReferencesRelated Rationale / Background Due to the increasingly competitive and evolving environment of modern business, a significant focus now lies on business restructuring in order for firms to meet the demands of the global economy.   Buhalis and Owen (2010) see this necessity as the driver behind business process reengineering and as a result the practice is widespread, for instance Attaran (2004) highlighted a study in which 87% of businesses were found to engage in the process.   Much research has been conducted in this area (see Kettinger and Grover 1995), which points towards competitive advantage as the primary focal area. Based on Porter’s original five forces model (Porter 1979) companies now look to business process reengineering to create a sustainable competitive advantage for their firm. Whilst research done by Ansoff and McDonnell (1990) focuses on more traditionally held beliefs about a firm’s unique resources, many has since changed their beliefs on what is considered a dynamic capabil ity worthy of creating a sustained competitive advantage. Meed et al (1994) cited a company needs to transform in order to adapt to its environment, and Osborne (1997) suggested that the very nature of the issue requires ever evolving material. Thus there is becoming an increased focus on the more subjective capabilities of modern organizations, as Barney’s 1999 article noted how strategic resources tend to be evenly distributed across firms and so there is a new focal point of knowledge being central to the business reengineering process and to creating a sustained competitive advantage for modern businesses. According to Grint (1994) reengineering quickly became the buzzword for businesses in the 1990’s, set on organizational improvement and change. Business process reengineering is defined as â€Å"a requirement to study fundamental business processes, independent or organization units and information systems support, to determine if the underlying business processes can be significantly streamlined and improved† by Langer (2008) and is based on operational objectives in order to improve performance. For instance a firm may wish to simplify their processes, improve communication procedures or speed up their operational turnover (Sayegh 2005.) As mentioned previously the very nature of business process reengineering requires a circular flow of communication in order for business processes to continuously improve, as Guha et al (1993) suggested the process reengineering cycle to be implemented into organizations in order to quickly tweak any issues with a new process with a minimal delay on output.   The subject of business process reengineering is still relatively new and so there are suggestions for future improvements, as a significant focus now lies on not only creating the information systems but using them effectively. This requires what Earl et al (1995) called alignment, that a process must not only be operationally efficient it must also be aligned not only with the company’s other materials and systems but also with the existing knowledge of the firm’s staff. This view is supported by Burgelman et al (2008) who focused on the links between not only different management levels but also between different strategic levels of the business. The suggestion by Burgelman et al being that organizational knowledge is unevenly spread and so needs to be aligned more thoroughly.   According to Brynjolfsson and Renshaw (1997) business process reengineering does suffer from low success rates, due to a lack of tools for managing the change process. Brynjolfsson and Renshaw proposed utilising a matrix of change in order to help managers identify and deal with critical issues. In this sense the importance of organizational knowledge is evidently the weak link in making business process reengineering reach its potential. Therefore much work has been done to attempt to bridge this success gap between the operational processes of a business and people’s ability to use them (see Khosrowpour 2006.) Attaran (2004) believed information technology to be a key element of a successful reengineering approach, citing Bill Gates’ comment on the 2000’s focus being on velocity. Therefore it is feasible for a company to rely on information technology to understand processes if they operate in a particularly fast paced industry like the example Bill Gates was referring to. In fact Johnson and Vitale (1998) believed innovations in information technology to be the future source of competitive advantage for firms, usin g examples of where it has been essential for business success for instance linking systems between an organizations diversified functional areas. Organizational knowledge is therefore seen to be one of few sources of a sustainable competitive advantage for modern firms. Tacit knowledge means that no two companies are the same (Collis and Montgomery 1995) and so as a dynamic capability knowledge appears to fulfil the necessary criteria, seen by Ambrosini and Bowman (2002) as being difficult to imitate, difficult to substitute or transfer and being scarce. Especially vital in the modern business environment is the speed in which knowledge can be created or transferred, as Saint-Onge (1996) noted how a company’s intellectual capital needs to be in line with rapid technological developments.  Ã‚   This focus on human capital led Saint-Onge to cite the â€Å"knowledge era† of modern times. A key application for business process reengineering of this focus is the need to constantly reinvest in organizational knowledge, due to the attrition effects of competition decaying the casual ambiguity that knowledge creates (R eed and Defillippi 1990.)   Therefore the real challenge for modern companies is how to undertake this required reinvestment in business process reengineering. Cavusgil and Calantone (2003) pointed out in their study on tacit knowledge that the primary issue is sharing knowledge throughout the firm. Howells (1996) noted that in order to be fully utilised tacit knowledge can be transferred on a variety of levels as in many cases knowledge should not only be transferred horizontally but vertically in firms, i.e. that managers must pass on their knowledge to their staff and vice versa.   This vertical transfer is vital for informational systems as in many cases practicalities experienced by lower level staff are not considered by upper management. Due to the difficulty in representing tacit knowledge acknowledged by Lubit (2001) the suggestions on how to transfer knowledge throughout the firm focus on more informal means. Lubit believed social mechanisms to be the best option, citi ng how formalised processes will always leave gaps. Similarly Ambrosini and Bowman (2002) found that techniques such as individual questionnaires and storytelling were most suitable for demonstrating tacit knowledge. Description Project Aims and Objectives: To uncover relevant links between organizational knowledge and the firm’s business process reengineering, and the role of knowledge management in facilitating the reengineering process. To examine theoretical approaches to business process reengineering and empirical evidence of their respective success rates. To investigate the impact of business process engineering on sustainable competitive advantage from a theoretical standpoint. Research Methodology Due to the theoretical approach being adopted in this study, secondary research would be utilised in accomplishing the aforementioned research objectives. Based on this approach, the study would adopt an interpretivist epistemology.   According to Saunders et al (2007), â€Å"Interpretivism is an epistemology that advocates that it is necessary for the researcher to understand differences between humans in our role as social actors†. Interpretivism relates to how people make sense of the world around them, and how they interpret social phenomena. Compared to the positivist view, the interpretivist view relates essentially to the interpretation of findings by those collecting data, and a common risk is that there may be issues of reliability and validity due to its subjective nature (Collis and Hussey, 2003). Based on recommendations by Collis and Hussey (2003), an inductive approach would also be utilized in conducting the research, as this involves analyzing the theoretical data concerning business process reengineering and competitive advantage, and drawing up a conclusion (after indepth analysis), on how both factors may be related. Data collection and analysis within this study would involve the systematic review of literature, reviewing previous studies on business process reengineering, knowledge management and competitive advantage to establish the relationship between all 3 variables, and ascertain if and how they the reengineering of business processes could actually lead to an improved competitive advantage within an industry. Through the combination of a number of results from a number of studies, the researcher hopes to uncover reasonable, reliable and valid insights into the subject area. Relevant databases such as Business Source Premier, Ingenta Connect and Emerald Insights would be utilized in finding these researches. Further research would also be conducted on institutes of business, such as those who may have statistics on how business processes affect competitive advantage. An entire subchapter would also be devoted to critiques of business process reengineering, particularly in its relevance to competitive advantage, as this allows for a balanced critical research and helps support the study’s reliability. Secondary research has been adopted as opposed to primary research, as it essentially bases our findings on more extensive research that may have been done in the past. These literatures are usually wider ranging and cover a lot more aspects of BRR than this research could have, if it adopted a primary approach. Deliverables This project intends to deliver clear conclusions and recommendations on the following: The relationship between business process reengineering and knowledge management within organisational settings. Do they necessarily impact on one another? Does effective knowledge management particularly promote better results when processes are reengineered? Empirical findings on the success and / or failure rates of business process reengineering activities that have been conducted over the past decades. These could be differentiated based on industries, and conditions, such as whether the organisations properly utilised information technology or knowledge management systems. Empirical or theoretical evidence suggesting that business process reengineering does promote sustainable competitive advantage. Particular emphasis would be placed on how it was accomplished and the secondary factors (such as information or knowledge management technology) that may have acted as catalysts. Schedule Secondary research (literature search) to be completed within two weeks of the project’s start. Cross-examination of literature is to be completed within a week of the final data being collected. This will encompass all of the data to spot any clear patterns. Checking of the discovered patterns to ensure their viability, reliability and generalisability will also be aimed to be completed within the same week that the original cross examination has been completed. The Introduction and Methodology chapters would be written within a week from when the data has been gathered. This would help in the structure of these chapters. The systematic literature review would be written up and conducted using the thematic approach. Meaning that each of the project deliverables would be separated into different themes and analysed as such. Overall project timeline – A maximum of 4-5 weeks from starting to accumulate the relevant data to having a clear, presentable set of results. Resources Required No hardware resources are required, except for computer hardware to use in researching, analysing and writing up the project. Access to literature sources such as the journals mentioned above, and empirical results on business process reengineering may require library access to such journals and in-depth Internet research. The researcher is confident that he has the skills to accomplish all of these. References Ambrosini, V. And Bowman, C. (2002) Tacit Knowledge: Some Suggestions for Operationalization. Journal of management studies, Vol 38, Issue 6, pp 811-829. Ansoff, H.I. and McDonnell, E.J. (1990) Implanting strategic management. Prentice Hall New York. Attaran, M. (2004) Exploring the relationship between information technology and business process reengineering. Information and management, Vol 41, pp 585-596. Barney, J. (1999) Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, Vol 17, No 1, pp 99-120. Buhalis, D. And Owen, R. (2010) Business Process Reengineering. Business Process Management Journal, Vol 6, Issue 2, pp 113-121. Burgelman, R.A. Christensen, C.M. and Wheelwright, S.C. (2008) Strategic management of technology and innovation. McGraw- Hill / Irvin. Cavusgil, S.T. Calantone, R.J. Zhao, Y. (2003) Tacit knowledge transfer and firm innovation capability. Journal of business and industrial marketing, Vol 18, Issue 1, pp 6-21. Collis, D.J. and Montgomery, C.A. (1995) Competing on Resources: Strategy in the 1990s. Harvard Business Review, July-August. Earl, M.J. Sampler, J.L. and Short, J.E. (1995) Strategies for business process reengineering: evidence from field studies. Journal of Management Information Systems, Volume 12, Issue 1 (June 1995.) Grint, K. (1994) Reengineering History: Social Resonances and Business Process Reengineering. Organization, Vol 1, No 1, pp 179-201. Guha, S. Kettinger, W.J. and Teng, J.T.C. (1993) BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING Building a Comprehensive Methodology. Information systems management, Vol 10, Issue 3. Howells, J. (1996) Tacit knowledge, innovation and technology transfer. Technology analysis and strategic management, Vol 8, No 2, pp 91-106. Kettinger, W.J. and Grover, K. (1995) Special section: toward a theory of business process change management. Journal of management information systems, Vol 12, Issue 1 (June 1995.) Khosrowpour, M. (2006) Advanced topics in information resources management. Vol 5. Idea group publishing. Langer, A.M. (2008) Business process reengineering. Analysis and design of information systems. Lubit, R. (2001) Knowledge Management : The Keys to Sustainable Competitive Advantage. Organizational dynamics, Vol 29, Issue 3, pp 164-178. Meed, J.W. Bots, P.W.G. and Sol, H.G. (1994) A hard core for soft problems: A business engineering case study within the Amsterdam municipal police force. TCBAUS IFIP Information systems international working conference, Gold Coast, Australia. Osborne, T. (1997) Business process reengineering. PACIS 1997 Proceedings. Porter, M.E. (1979) How competitive forces shape strategy. Harvard business review. Cited by Smit, P.J. (2000) Strategic planning: Readings. Juta and Company Ltd. Reed, R. and Defillippi, R.J. (1990) Causal Ambiguity, Barriers to Imitation, and Sustainable Competitive Advantage. The academy of management review, Vol 15, No 1 (January 1990) pp 88-102. Saint-Onge, H. (1996) Tacit knowledge the key to the strategic alignment of intellectual capital. Strategy and leadership, Vol 24, Issue 2, pp 10-16. Sayegh, F. (2005) Business process Reengineering.   EFS Technical report No.21. (December 15th 2005.)

Monetary policies and how they affect various sectors of the economy Term Paper

Monetary policies and how they affect various sectors of the economy - Term Paper Example A proper monetary policy is essential for the growth of the economy. The rate of interest and the inflation rate in the economy are the major factors which would determine what monetary policy would be implemented in the economy. The rate of interests existing in an economy is under the control of the central bank. The monetary policy is governed by the principles of demand and supply. In order to control to taper the amount of liquidity in the economy the central bank would increase the rates of interest of the bonds. As a result people would cut down on their spending and would park their funds in the bonds. This is done because the opportunity cost of spending would be very high. The aggregate demand as a result would come down and therefore the total production of the economy would come down. This would lead to a reduction in the amount of liquidity in the economy. On the other hand when the central bank wants to increase the amount of liquidity it reduces the rates of interest. As a result the people stop keeping the money in the banks and start spending. Thus the amount of liquidity in the economy increases. Thus through the conduct of the monetary policy the central bank not only controls the money market in the economy but also influences the commodity market. This happens because the aggregate demand of the economy would depend on the amount of money that the individuals have with them for spending. The central bank however does not come into direct contact with the general public. However, they regulate the money supply through interaction with the commercial banks. The inductive effect falls on the common people (Mankiw 482). The apex banks generally change the short term interest rates more frequently which affect the long term rate of interests. The central bank would take the help of various tools to tackle the monetary policy of the country. These tools have been explained subsequently. Open Market Operations The most popular tool used by the cen tral bank of a country is through the buying and selling of the bonds and government securities. This method helps the bank to increase or decrease the amount of liquidity in the economy depending on the inflationary pressures. The short term interest rates are manipulated by the central banks and thereby influencing the supply of money in the economy. When the central banks want to increase the amount of liquidity in the economy it goes to the open market and buys the government securities. The cash going out of the fund of the central bank actually comes out into the economy thereby increasing the monetary base. On the other hand when the central bank wants to reduce the money supply it sells the bonds or the securities in the market and the money comes into the possession of the central bank. The monetary base of the economy gets reduced and thereby liquidity is controlled by the central bank (Arnold 311). The chief reasons for conducting such open market operation are to control the level of inflation in the economy. However, the government takes the help of the debt instruments for conducting this technique. These instruments are generally the short term ones. Changes in Reserve Requirements Every bank operating in an economy has to maintain necessary reserve requirements with the central bank of the country. Being the apex body of all the banks the central bank is the regulatory controller of the commercial ba

Contemporary Management issue (waleed) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary Management issue (waleed) - Essay Example The Traditional theories of ethics look into the aspects in terms of an absolutist view. Under this regime, the theories are either claimed to be right or wrong. On the other hand, the Contemporary theories that are framed on ethics concentrates on the relativist positional views. The correctness of a given situation is determined by the Normative ethical theories (Warren, 2011). According to the views of Richard D. George, on the basis of Pluralism, the ethical theories can be conveyed in terms of two opposing patterns, Ethical Absolutism and Ethical Relativism. There are also other types of theories related to ethics, they are: Theory of Egoism Theory of Utilitarianism Theory of Egalitarianism (on basis of rights and justice) Theory of Non-Egalitarianism On the basis of the contemporary view, the ethical theories can be on: Virtue Ethics Feminist Ethics Discourse Ethics Post Modern Ethics The theories of morality and ethics are somewhat similar to each other. Some of the morality t heories are: Moral Subjectivism Cultural Relativism Ethical Egoism Devine Command Theory Kantian Theory Contractarianism The case deals with the consciousness of the U.S. government over the health hazards caused due to cigarette smoking. It claims that the Gladys Kessler (U.S. District Judge) would claim a penalty of $280 billion from the famous tobacco companies such as, Philip Morris, Liggett and Reynolds. These companies would be penalized if they are found to knowingly deceive the public regarding the addictive nature and risks associated with smoking. It was noted that about 400000 Americans die yearly due to the health issues caused from cigarettes manufactured by these companies. This paper would concentrate on an aspect that deals with the duties that the modern organizations cater to their customers. In the later stage, the essay would focus on the different theories of business ethics and morality. The theories in the course of the discussion would be related to the case study of the paper. The Duties to Customers from Companies In the contemporary world, the organizations are supposed to suffice three primary business goals. When describing about the duties of a company it is essential to shed light on the theories of business ethics. In simple terms, business ethics is often dubbed as the form of professional ethics or applied ethics which examines the ethical principles within a business environment. Moreover, it also appeals to every business aspect and is highly pertinent to the organization as well as the individuals. Business ethics encompasses both descriptive and normative dimensions. Hence, business ethics plays a crucial role in shaping the duties and activities of the consumers towards the company. Similarly, the theory of stakeholder holds high relevance in the field of business ethics. It states that a company has equal real responsibilities towards its stakeholders, but the activities differ from one group to the other. (Source: Elkin gton, 1999) As stated in the above diagram, the organizations must try to improve the state of environment, economy and society. This is as per the theory of Triple Bottom Line stated by John Elkington in 1999. This theory also states that the organization, by uplifting the societies, must try to bridge the gap between the poor and rich customers (Wright, 1995). However, catering to the social justice is the most essential factor that must be addressed by the

Theory to practice Essay Example for Free

Theory to practice Essay Big Time Toymaker (BTT) develops, manufactures and distributes toys and board games. An inventor named Chou created a board game called Strat. Chous invention caught the attention of BTT and they sought out to negotiate with Chou. During the time of communication between both Chou and BTT an agreement was made. Both parties agreed to BTT having exclusive negotiating wrights for a 90-day period in exchange for $25,000.00. The agreement stated that no contract exist unless in writing. After a meeting when an oral agreement was made Chou was emailed a document subject Strat deal by a manager of BTT. This email can be considered the contract in writing and Chou assumed so, later to find that BTT was now run by new management who claimed they were uninterested in his invention. The point where parties entered a contract was when the BTT manager sent Chou an email subject â€Å"Strat Deal†. This was the point where a contract was mad because BTT had received an exclusive 90day negotiating period, and distribution agreement wasn’t going to be in effect until received in writing. This email also included terms discussed during the oral agreement and pricing. The agreement of a contract was that it had to be in writing in order to exist. Never did BTT stress the form of writing. An email consist of written words, therefore it was a written agreement. A contract is an agreement with specific terms between two or more people or entities in which there is a promise to do something in return for something else. When the email was sent that was the completion of the exchange and fulfilled contract requirements. The oral agreement that both parties had before the email was sent was establishing objective intent to contract. BTT also sent a fax to Chou a month after the 90day period passed requesting the draft to be sent. This action also showed intent to contract. What weighs in Chous favor in terms of parties objective to contract is the fact that BTT paid him. They exchanged money for exclusive negotiating rights. Chou could  always state an unilateral mistake was made and he misunderstood the terms of an agreement. The fact that both parties communicated by email has no impact on the decision of Chou rightfully still having a contract. Email is just as sufficient as a letter or hand written draft. With a subject email sent saying â€Å"Strat deal†. â€Å"The law governing which contracts must be in writing in order to be enforceable† is also known as the statue of frauds according to University of Phoenix The Legal Environment of Business (2011) . The contract was emailed to Chou before the 90day deadline right after an oral agreement. The statue of frauds supports Chou still having a valid contract. BTT could avoid this contract under mistake. Chou had mistaken the email as the contract agreement. BTT specified that the distribution deal would only be valid if contract was in writing. BTT could argue their meaning of a contract in writing is a contract on paper. This would be a mutual mistake. Both parties had a different understanding of what a contract consist of. Mutual mistake shows both parties at fault instead of only one. If the email does constitute an agreement, the thing that support this a greement is the fact that Chou was within the 90 day period when the email was sent. Although the email said nothing about a contract it was titled Strat Deal. During the verbal agreement Chou was lead to believe that both parties had finally agreed on the terms of the contract. Assuming that Chou did have a contract and BTT decided to breach the contract Chou could obtain remedies for his lost. The proper remedy would be compensatory damages. â€Å"Compensatory damages are an attempt to put the nonbreaching party in the same position she would have been in if the other party had performed as agreed (melvin, 2011, Chapter Chapter 7, Contract Performance:Conditions, Breach, and Remedies).† By the new management breaching the contract Chou misses out on potential profits that could have occurred if the contract had been followed through with. The remedy that would be less favorable would be consequential damages. Assuming from the theory that Chou had nothing in place directly depending on the completion of his contract, there is nothing that would be affected indirectly from the unfulfillment of the contract. Consequential damages compensate foreseeable indirect losses. Work cited Melvin, S. P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business: A Managerial Approach: Theory to Practice. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection. Melvin, Sean P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business: A Managerial Approach: Theory to Practice. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection.

Essay --

YHWH gave the Israelites the Ten Commandments. These Ten Commandments â€Å"set the Israelites apart and enabled them to mold a distinctive culture† as said in the text book The Human Records sources of global history volume 1: to 1500. The Human Records mentioned that â€Å"Israelites evolved the idea that they enjoyed the special protection of god (YHWH)†. The Ten Commandments are the exact words of God which were engraved on a stone that was given to Moses by god. As mentioned in the text book The Human Records , in return for protection of the YHWH, the Israelites deity demanded their sole devotion. They were going to success in Canaan, a land the YHWH had promised them and had to maintain religious and cultural distance from all other people. First commandment lets the Israelites know that they should not have any other god before him, he should be everyone priority. Second commandment says that there should not be any other image of God and God should be worshiped. Third commandment says that Gods name should only be used with respect and nothing else. Fourth commandment is the Sabbath day Sunday, the seventh days where you shall not do any work and remember that you were a servant and god brought you out with a mighty hand. Fifth commandment says that you should respect you parents both mother and father. Sixth commandment says that â€Å"you should not kill â€Å"straight forward as the commandment says. Seventh commandment says that couples should be faithful in their marriage and not cheat. Eighth commandment says that you should never steal. Ninth commandment says that you should not lie. At last the tenth commandment says that you should not be envious of other people don’t say I’m going to buy thi s because they have that . The Hammur... ...ne that was given to Moses by god. Their differences show there unique distinction from the Ten Commandments and the Hammurabi code. Both are very important because both are still used today. The Ten Commandments up to this day I still use and believe in them and know that they will always show up and not disappear. The Code of Hammurabi probably had some modifications done to the code but some laws can still apply today. The Code of Hammurabi is far more detailed then the Ten Commandments .The Ten Commandment is written straight forward and addressing god. At the end there differences brings them apart the Hammurabi as the stricter than Ten Commandments. At the end there differences brings them apart the Hammurabi as the stricter than Ten Commandments. Ten Commandments a religious belief that many fallow counting myself and Code of Hammurabi set of punishable laws.

Is Fanfiction a Legitimate Activity for Fans? Essay

Robin Hobb (2005) defined fanfiction as the written work of fans and readers who use the author’s original characters in their own fiction without any form of consent. As an author who is against fanfiction, she wrote a full length essay to describe this genre of writing as a foul approach to the craft. On the other hand, a blogger named Justin responded to the different items Hobb listed. In this light, many have said that writing fanfiction is not a legitimate activity for fans, much less legal. As Hobb illustrated in her essay, fanfiction is definitely a genre of literature that should be heavily discouraged. Her arguments aimed to justify that legal actions should be taken upon this seemingly intellectual theft. In contrast, Justin’s arguments aimed to legitimize this form of writing, and point that fanfiction is not illegal. To illustrate the premises, the terms legal and legitimate should be defined. The online dictionary wrote that legal refers to an act recognized and permitted by law. In relation to fanfiction, there are no laws that allow writers to create fanfiction. Subsequently, there are no laws either that bans this activity. When writing fanfiction, writers are explicitly asked to write disclaimers to declare and clarify that they do not have any sort of rights over the characters by the original authors. Legitimate activities are those that are in accordance to law. The online dictionary listed that it questions the authenticity of the object or act. Fanfiction is not entirely an authentic artwork since the characters used in the stories are borrowed from someone else. However, since these rights have been wavered in the form of disclaimers, the other elements of fiction are in the hands of ‘fans and readers’, legitimizing their intellectual property over their fanfiction. The following paragraphs will present the arguments of Hobb and the responses by Justin. These are aimed to exemplify if fanfiction is truly a legal and legitimate activity for fans. How each side argues around the motion, however, does not result to a fact. This means that this is merely a deliberation between two writers regarding this issue. First, fanfiction writers compose using the author’s elements in the story: characters, settings and general plot without consent, as Hobb said in the same essay. Here, the author was trying to imply that the writers are stealing intellectual property. Justin responded to this by saying that once published materials are shared to its audience, these people become engaged and take part in its success or downfall. He also questioned why those movie tie ins are more acceptable and not categorized as fanfiction when only sponsorship sets it apart. Just because money is involved doesn’t mean that fanfiction writers are practicing intellectual theft and productions battling for movie tie ins are very welcomed. The blogger further expressed that when they sue fanfiction writers, it is as if they are suing children for drawing the many Disney characters. In this set of arguments, the legality of fanfiction is given priority. Financial affairs are usually tied with legal actions. Here, it has been said that fanfiction writers do not earn through writing this genre. These writers create stories to satisfy curiosities and fantasies that were intrigued by reading or watching an original artwork. Any writer would say that they write for entertainment first, and money maybe later. Second, Hobb implied that there is no good coming out of writing fanfiction. It does not violate any copyright law, and writers do not earn from it. Justin responded to this by stating that fanfiction creates more than possibilities along the original story lines. It allows fan communities to have a stronger bond. More importantly, it gives way to a broader creative opportunity to express themselves as writers. Many writers create stories not to earn, but simply to experience the joy of writing, something many known authors went through even before the start of their careers. By writing fanfiction, people discover other writers who have the same interests. It promotes relationships among fans, and not just their creativity. Third, Hobb said that it lowers the ratings of their works. Fanfiction is a form of identity theft. Justin immediately responded to this by saying that fanfiction can be a form of literary criticism, and that when she despises these forms of fiction, she is taking these criticisms as personal judgments. Furthermore, the author of the blog added that fanfiction widens the readers of the works of these authors, especially when the fanfiction has been well written. Hobb continued that those who read fanfiction about Harry Potter might get the wrong idea about the context of the series; Justin said that majority of those who read Harry Potter fanfiction are most likely those who have read or seen the works J. K. Rowling has authored. Fourth, the author said that fanfiction writers who create stories based from her work is in a way claiming her work, and cannot be right from any angle. Justin reacted that these writers are her readers, and that they are those who will be saying if her works have been successful or not, if she is a great writer or not. That is how the industry of writing is. One is not a successful writer if his reader was not happy about his story. Moreover, Justin added that reading is half the joy because all texts have different interpretations. Hobb can never ascertain that her readers will all have the same idea after reading her works. Everybody have different mind sets and different backgrounds, which can strongly affect how they read and understand a story. Furthermore, authors should feel privileged and honored that their works gained fanfictions because it goes to show that their stories deeply touched the hearts and minds of these people that they respond in such a creative avenue. Fanfiction writers do not tell authors that they made a mistake, and that their works are ugly. In fact, they have become inspired; they just have different interpretations. Fifth, Hobb said â€Å"the intent of the author is ignored. † The original context was changed: relationships, death, ending, and plot. Justin further emphasized that it was how the fan writers perceived their works. Nothing was written to spite the author. More importantly, nothing was written to â€Å"close† loose ends in the story. It is more of widening the possibilities in the story; the ‘what ifs’ and ‘maybes’ the audience have encountered during the course of the story. The works of the many authors are deeply loved and fully appreciated, knowing the time and effort they must have exerted to finish the novel or series of. Fanfiction writers are not holding any claim on it. Sixth, Hobb was told that fanfiction is an appropriate avenue to become a better writer. She responded by saying that if this was the truth, then karaoke creates singers and coloring books create artists. Justin just called her â€Å"ludicrous†. Among her arguments, this is by far the weakest. Of course, these are the avenues to discover talent. How else would you know if a child would be a painter if you won’t give coloring books, a musician without instruments, or a writer without books? Talent cannot be discovered without initiating its search. Seventh, to counter this, Hobb said that fanfiction is not a means to become a writer. By completely changing many aspects of the original context, this pretense of creating stories is not a good practice of writing. Justin responded to this by presenting examples like Max Ernest, Duchamps and Basquiat, Public Enemy, DJ Shadow and Negativeland, whose masterpieces must be considered as theft of intellectual property and be imprisoned. The original ideas of the authors are not stolen. They are, in way, taken into the next level. Eight, Hobb always emphasized that the original idea belongs to its creator, as Justin pointed out. However, not all plots are invented. Ideas are usually similar. They are only altered slightly, and it would seem different. In such a craft, ideas are not always new, but what matters is how it was approached and written. It usually boils down to the same theme. Critiques question craftsmanship and not the main idea alone. These points highlight that Hobb’s arguments against fanfiction are very weak and does not fully justify fanfiction as an illegal activity for fans. Plagiarism was not committed since fanfiction writers give full credit to the original authors. Moreover, these writers do not create fanfiction to earn, but simply to write and relate with other writers of the same interests. They write for growth and not selfish reasons. Hobb failed to give light to her legal and legitimate stand against fanfiction since her arguments mainly concerned personal rants and close minded opinions. This paper initially stated that the points brought out in this paper cannot fully stand on either affirmative or opposition. However, based on the given text, this paper concludes that fanfiction is a legitimate activity for fans. Works Cited Justin. November 9, 2005. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2. 5 Malaysia License. 27 December 2007 .

The Most Notorious Serial Killers in History